ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar a associação entre os níveis glicêmicos quando da admissão dos pacientes à unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e a mortalidade entre pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de coorte conduzido em pacientes de uma unidade de terapia intensiva, admitidos ao Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño entre 2012 e 2013. Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para qualificar a associação. Foi feita avaliação do desempenho do exame diagnóstico, para descrever sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e razão de verossimilhança para cada faixa de glicemia. Resultados: Incluíram-se no total 552 pacientes (idade mediana de 23 meses; faixa de variação entre 5 meses e 79,8 meses). O nível glicêmico médio quando da admissão foi de 121,3mg/dL (6,73mmol/L). Faleceram durante a hospitalização 92 (16,6%) pacientes. Na análise multivariada, encontraram-se associações significantes entre glicemia < 65mg/dL (3,61mmol/L) (RR: 2,01; IC95% 1,14 - 3,53), glicemia > 200mg/dL (> 11,1mmol/L) (RR: 2,91; IC95% 1,71 - 4,55), desnutrição (RR: 1,53, IC95% 1,04 - 2,25), ventilação mecânica (RR: 3,71, IC95% 1,17 - 11,76) e mortalidade durante a hospitalização. Ocorreram baixa sensibilidade (entre 17,39% e 39,13%) e alta especificidade (entre 49,13% e 91,74%) para diferentes níveis glicêmicos de corte. Conclusão: Ocorreu maior risco de óbito entre os pacientes que desenvolveram hipoglicemia e hiperglicemia por ocasião da admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Certas faixas de glicemia (> 200mg/dL (> 11,1mmol/L) e < 65mg/dL (3,61mmol/L)) tiveram uma alta especificidade como preditores de óbito.
ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze the association between glycemia levels upon pediatric intensive care unit admission and mortality in patients hospitalized. Methods: A retrospective cohort of pediatric intensive care unit patients admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño between 2012 and 2013. A Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to quantify the association. Diagnostic test performance evaluation was used to describe the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and likelihood ratios for each range of glycemia. Results: In total, 552 patients were included (median age 23 months, age range 5 months to 79.8 months). The mean glycemia level upon admission was 121.3mg/dL (6.73mmol/L). Ninety-two (16.6%) patients died during hospitalization. In multivariable analyses, significant associations were found between glycemia < 65mg/dL (3.61mmol/L) (RR: 2.01, 95%CI 1.14 - 3.53), glycemia > 200mg/dL (> 11.1mmol/L) (RR: 2.91, 95%CI 1.71 - 4.55), malnutrition (RR: 1.53, 95%CI 1.04 - 2.25), mechanical ventilation (RR: 3.71, 95%CI 1.17 - 11.76) and mortality at discharge. There was low sensitivity (between 17.39% and 39.13%) and high specificity (between 49.13% and 91.74%) for different glucose cut-off levels. Conclusion: There was an increased risk of death at discharge in patients who developed hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia upon admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Certain glucose ranges (> 200mg/dL (> 11.1mmol/L) and < 65mg/dL (3.61mmol/L)) have high specificity as predictors of death at discharge.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Hospital Mortality , Hyperglycemia/epidemiology , Hypoglycemia/epidemiology , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Poisson Distribution , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , HospitalizationABSTRACT
Evaluar la frecuencia de infección por VIH en pacientes que consultan por episodio agudo de herpes zoster. Material y Métodos: Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes entre 18 y 49 años, atendidos entre setiembre del 2001 y enero del 2003 en el Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Tropicales y Dermatológicas del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, por un cuadro agudo de herpes zoster, diagnosticado clínicamente. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: status VIH desconocido tanto del paciente como de su pareja; que no presentaran alguna complicación neurológica o presentación atípica de zoster y que no tuvieran signos ni síntomas compatibles con infección por VIH (muguet oral, diarrea crónica, síndrome de desgaste, etc.). Previa firma de consentimiento informado, se tomó muestra de sangre para prueba de ELISA para VIH1. A todos los pacientes con resultado positivo se les realizó western blot. Resultados: veintiún pacientes cumplieron los criterios del estudio, 14 varones y 7 mujeres. Cinco pacientes (23,8 por ciento) fueron VIH positivos. De éstos, 4 fueron varones (4/14) y 1 mujer (1/7). No se encontró diferencias significativas en cuanto a la conducta sexual de riesgo. Conclusiones: Se encuentra un porcentaje elevado de infección por VIH en adultos jóvenes que consultan en un hospital general por un cuadro agudo de herpes zoster, sin nigún otro signo ni síntoma de inmunosupresión, independientemente de conductas sexuales de riesgo. Nuestro hallazgo justifica un despistaje de VIH en adultos jóvenes con herpes zoster.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Female , HIV Infections , Herpes ZosterABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid diagnostic test OptiMAL© for diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all the patients who sought medical attention in the San Martin Pangoa Hospital, Junin, an area endemic for vivax malaria in Peru, between October and December 1998, who had fever during the previous 72 hours and who were older than 12 months. The gold standard for diagnosis was thick blood film microscopy. We determined the parasitemia rate for each of the positive slides. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test. RESULTS: We included 72 patients; 39 of them were positive for P. vivax by microscopic examination. The sensitivity of the Optimal test was 92.3 percent, the specificity 100 percent, the positive predictive value 100 percent and the negative predictive value 91.6 percent. The accuracy of the test was 95.8 percent. The sensitivity of the OptiMAL© test progressively decreased when parasitemia was lower than 1,000 parasites/microliter. CONCLUSIONS: the OptiMAL© test has a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of P. vivax malaria. However, its sensitivity decreased when parasitemia levels were lower. It is a very simple technique, which makes it a good alternative for malaria diagnosis in remote places, although its elevated cost is still a problem.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Malaria, Vivax , Plasmodium vivax , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Aged, 80 and over , Endemic Diseases , Peru , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Quinolones are a family of antibiotics of great importance in the management of several community and nosocomial diseases. Therefore, it is important to know the qualities of the old new quinolones. Quinolones, as anti-infectious agents, are effective and safe and few times ocurrs adverse events. After 1962, when the first quinolon, nalidix acid, appeared, new generations of quinolones (fourth generation) have appeared in the market. However, we should know strictly its indications, most infectious diseases are the agents of elections, but in another cases, are drugs of second line. The objective of this review is to know better all quinolones in order to avoid the appearance of resistance due to its mal practice. In this review, we present pharmakocinetic aspects, currently indications of the fluorquinolones, the importance of new quinolones, the mechanisms of resistance, its contraindications and adverse events.
Subject(s)
Quinolones , Anti-Infective Agents , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
We report a case of botryomycosis and intestinal strongyloidiasis in apatient with HTLV-1 infection. A 23 year-old female patient from Ayacucho, came with a history of a right foot tumor and chronic foot ulcers. The diagnosis of botryomycosis was established by biopsy of the lesion. Because the mild eosinophilia, a microscopic examination of stools was performed and Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larva were found. HTLV-1 ELISA test, performed in order to discharge association with strongyloidiasis, was positive. The clinical presentation, physiopathology of the botryomycosis and the role of the HTLV-1 infection and strongyloidiasis as predisposing factors for botryomycosis are discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Strongyloidiasis , Mycoses , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1ABSTRACT
Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas del grupo de mujeres infectadas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) que fueron atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia de enero de 1989 a diciembre de 1996. Material y métodos: se hizo una revisión retrospectiva de sus fichas epidemiológicas e historias clínicas. Se utilizó la clasificación de los Centros de Control de Enfermedades (CDC) para infección por el VIH (estadíos I-IV). resultados: se incluyó 236 mujeres, de 17 a 60 años, con una edad media de 30.4 años. El número de mujeres diagnosticadas por año aumentó de 5 en 1989 a 63 en 1996. La vía probable de adquirir la infección fue por relaciones heterosexuales en 212 pacientes (90.2 por ciento), refirieron haber tenido una sola pareja sexual en su vida 113 (47.8 por ciento). Hubo 4 (1.6 por ciento) de trabajadoras sexuales y no hubo drogadictas por vía endovenosa. Habían tenido otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETSs) el 23.4 por ciento y éstas fueron más prevalentes en mujeres que tenían prácticas sexuales riesgosas (p igual 0.005). Tuvieron diagnóstico de síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) 69 mujeres. La condición definitoria de SIDA más frecuente síndrome consuntivo en 23 mujeres (33.3 por ciento). Hubo 19 muertes en los años de estudio. La sobrevida media en estadío SIDA fue de 10.6 meses y la causa de muerte más frecuente fue tuberculosis y neumonía por pneumocystis carinii. Conclusión: El hecho de tener una transmisión predominantemente heterosexual y de que haya un alto porcentaje de mujeres con pocas parejas sexuales nos hace suponer que es probablemente la conducta sexual riesgosa de sus parejas lo que expone a las mujeres a la infección por el VIH. debemos resaltar la importancia de una adecuada educación a las mujeres que comienzan a tener relaciones, de los riesgos que esto implica y la difusión del uso de condones para prevenir esta infección.